# Abhortion

> A patient, careful record of the case for the unborn human person — arguments, scripture, case law, legislation, and a directory for the abolition of abortion, for serious readers on either side.

Every page on this site has a Markdown companion (this file links them). Each `.md` renders the same underlying research JSON as clean, structured text.

Sections: Cases (U.S. court cases), Arguments (the positive case and responses to objections), Scripture (verses filed by the claim they answer), Directory (abolitionist organizations), Legislation (U.S. and Canadian jurisdiction surveys), and Agitation (demonstration-law surveys of major U.S. cities).

Structured data: legislation, agitation, and case pages also publish JSON — swap `.md` for `.json`. Legislation and agitation records add `-full.json` (the whole document body) and `-verbose.json` (which adds legal analysis, verbatim quotes, and full citations); case records are a single file. The published format is documented at https://www.abhortion.org/api/index.html.

## About

- [Why this site exists](https://www.abhortion.org/about.md)

## Cases

- [Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/dred-scott-v-sandford-1857.md): Persons of African descent — whether enslaved or free — could never be 'citizens' under Article III and thus had no standing to sue in federal court.
- [Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/griswold-v-connecticut-1965.md): The Connecticut law is unconstitutional. Various guarantees of the Bill of Rights create 'zones of privacy' — 'penumbras' — that include marital privacy.
- [United States v. Vuitch (1971)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/united-states-v-vuitch-1971.md): The D.C. statute is not unconstitutionally vague. 'Health' includes psychological as well as physical well-being.
- [Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/eisenstadt-v-baird-1972.md): The Massachusetts law is unconstitutional. The right to privacy recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) extends to individuals — married or unmarried.
- [Doe v. Bolton (1973)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/doe-v-bolton-1973.md): Georgia's procedural requirements are unconstitutional.
- [Roe v. Wade (1973)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/roe-v-wade-1973.md): The right of privacy — grounded in the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause (or alternatively the Ninth Amendment) — encompasses a woman's decision…
- [Bellotti v. Baird (II) (1979)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/bellotti-v-baird-ii-1979.md): The Massachusetts law is unconstitutional as construed by the state supreme court to give parents or judges an absolute veto.
- [Harris v. McRae (1980)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/harris-v-mcrae-1980.md): The Hyde Amendment is constitutional.
- [City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/akron-v-akron-center-1983.md): All five provisions are unconstitutional. Hospital requirement for second-trimester abortions imposes unreasonable costs.
- [Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (1986)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/thornburgh-v-acog-1986.md): The challenged Pennsylvania provisions are unconstitutional as inconsistent with Roe.
- [Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/webster-v-reproductive-health-services-1989.md): The Missouri law is largely constitutional. The preamble poses no constitutional problem as it does not by itself regulate abortion.
- [Rust v. Sullivan (1991)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/rust-v-sullivan-1991.md): The regulations are a permissible construction of the Public Health Service Act and do not violate the First or Fifth Amendments.
- [Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/planned-parenthood-v-casey-1992.md): Roe's 'essential holding' is reaffirmed on stare decisis grounds — women retain the right to pre-viability abortion. The trimester framework is jettisoned.
- [Stenberg v. Carhart (2000)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/stenberg-v-carhart-2000.md): The Nebraska law is unconstitutional.
- [Hill v. Colorado (2000)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/hill-v-colorado-2000.md): The Colorado statute is constitutional. It is a content-neutral time, place, and manner regulation that leaves open ample alternative channels of communication.
- [Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England (2006)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/ayotte-v-planned-parenthood-2006.md): Invalidating a statute entirely is not always necessary or justified when only some applications would be unconstitutional.
- [Gonzales v. Carhart (2007)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/gonzales-v-carhart-2007.md): The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act is facially constitutional. Its language is distinguishable from the Nebraska law struck down in Stenberg v. Carhart (2000).
- [McCullen v. Coakley (2014)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/mccullen-v-coakley-2014.md): The buffer zone violates the First Amendment because it burdens substantially more speech than necessary to achieve the state's asserted interests.
- [Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/whole-womans-health-v-hellerstedt-2016.md): Both provisions are unconstitutional because they place a 'substantial obstacle' in the path of women seeking abortion without providing significant health…
- [NIFLA v. Becerra (2018)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/nifla-v-becerra-2018.md): The FACT Act likely violates the First Amendment.
- [Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky (2019)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/box-v-planned-parenthood-indiana-2019.md): (1) Indiana's fetal remains disposal law is constitutional under rational-basis review.
- [June Medical Services v. Russo (2020)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/june-medical-services-v-russo-2020.md): The Louisiana admitting-privileges law is unconstitutional. Because the law was substantively identical to the Texas law struck down in Whole Woman's Health v.
- [Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson (2021)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/whole-womans-health-v-jackson-2021.md): Abortion providers may pursue a pre-enforcement challenge against state medical licensing officials (Texas Medical Board, Board of Nursing, Board of Pharmacy,…
- [Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/dobbs-v-jackson-2022.md): The Constitution does not confer a right to abortion. Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey are overruled.
- [LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine (2024)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/lepage-v-center-reproductive-medicine-2024.md): Alabama's Wrongful Death of a Minor Act applies to all 'unborn children' regardless of location — including embryos stored outside a biological uterus.
- [FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine (2024)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/fda-v-alliance-hippocratic-medicine-2024.md): The plaintiff physicians and medical associations lack Article III standing. The Court did not reach the merits of whether the FDA's actions were lawful.
- [Moyle v. United States (2024)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/moyle-v-united-states-2024.md): The Court dismissed the writs of certiorari as improvidently granted and vacated its earlier stay, thereby reinstating the district court's preliminary…
- [Louisiana v. FDA (2026)](https://www.abhortion.org/cases/louisiana-v-fda-2026.md): The Supreme Court granted an emergency stay, preserving the status quo for mifepristone access via telehealth and pharmacy while litigation continues in the…

## Arguments

- [God commands 'justice, and only justice' — not partial or deferred justice](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-justice-only.md): Scriptural · Offensive
- [The unborn bear the image of God, so abortion is murder — a different category than 'a hard choice'](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-image-of-God.md): Scriptural · Offensive
- [The science of embryology says a new human being exists from fertilization](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-embryology-conception.md): Scientific · Offensive
- [“Equal protection does not require prosecuting mothers; targeting abortionists (and…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-equal-protection-14th.md): Legal & political · Offensive
- [Immediatism — dealing with sin fully and now — is the biblical pattern; gradual toleration is not](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-immediatism-biblical.md): Philosophical · Offensive
- [Tolerating child sacrifice invites national judgment — doing justice forestalls it](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-national-judgment.md): Religious · Offensive
- [History's lesson: regulation entrenches an evil; abolition removes it (the Wilberforce case)](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-wilberforce-regulation.md): Historical · Offensive
- [Obeying God is the most pragmatic path — disobedience 'to get results' does not work](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-obedience-pragmatic.md): Religious · Offensive
- [Reframe the debate: it is abolition vs. regulationism, not abolition vs. 'incrementalism'](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/arg-regulationism-not-incrementalism.md): Philosophical · Offensive
- [“The unborn is not a baby or a person until birth (or until viability); personhood is…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-not-a-person-until-birth.md): Scriptural · Defensive
- [“The early embryo is merely a clump of cells or a 'potential' human, not an actual human…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-clump-of-cells.md): Scientific · Defensive
- [“A woman has the right to control her own body, which includes ending a pregnancy; the…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-bodily-autonomy.md): Philosophical · Defensive
- [“A bill that protects some children now is better than a bill that protects none and…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-some-justice-better.md): Scriptural · Defensive
- [“William Wilberforce is the model incrementalist: he took ~20 years and accepted partial…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-wilberforce-gradualist.md): Historical · Defensive
- [“God accommodated human hardness — e.g., permitting certificates of divorce, or regulating…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-mosaic-accommodation.md): Scriptural · Defensive
- [“Reasonable Christians can disagree on strategy; calling pro-life incrementalism 'sin' is…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-incrementalism-not-sin.md): Religious · Defensive
- [“Public opinion won't support total, immediate abolition (especially criminalization), so…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-culture-not-ready.md): Religious · Defensive
- [“Bills that ban abortion at a heartbeat, at pain-capability, or after an ultrasound…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-milestone-bills.md): Legal & political · Defensive
- [“Making mothers subject to prosecution (up to capital murder) is unjust, cruel, and…”](https://www.abhortion.org/arguments/def-prosecute-women.md): Legal & political · Both

## Scripture

- [Genesis 9:6 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/genesis-9-6.md): answers "The unborn are not persons, so abortion is not murder; and even if it is wrong, the state need not punish it as it…"
- [Exodus 20:13 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/exodus-20-13.md): answers "Abortion is a private medical decision, not murder."
- [Exodus 21:22-25 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/exodus-21-22-25.md): answers "The unborn child has a lesser legal status than a born person; harming the unborn is not equivalent to harming a person."
- [Leviticus 19:15 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/leviticus-19-15.md): answers "Getting partial protection passed is a moral win even if the law is unequal."
- [Leviticus 20:1-5 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/leviticus-20-1-5.md): answers "Even if abortion is like child sacrifice, the state may tolerate it rather than punish it."
- [Deuteronomy 16:19 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/deuteronomy-16-19.md): answers "It is acceptable to protect some children (e.g., after a heartbeat) while leaving others unprotected — partial…"
- [Deuteronomy 16:20 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/deuteronomy-16-20.md): answers "Some justice now (with exceptions) is better than no justice; we will pursue full justice later."
- [1 Samuel 15:22-23 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/1-samuel-15-22-23.md): answers "Partial obedience, adjusted to the will of the people, still counts as obedience."
- [Job 34:12 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/job-34-12.md): answers "God's methods can be improved upon by human strategy; His way of justice 'won't work.'"
- [Psalm 33:5 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/psalm-33-5.md): answers "Justice and mercy are in tension, so mercy (sparing the guilty) can override justice."
- [Psalm 51:5 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/psalm-51-5.md): answers "The individual does not exist at conception."
- [Psalm 139:13-16 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/psalm-139-13-16.md): answers "The being in the womb is not yet a person with identity, dignity, or a future."
- [Proverbs 17:15 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/proverbs-17-15.md): answers "Laws should not prosecute women who obtain abortions; blanket immunity is just and prudent."
- [Proverbs 21:15 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/proverbs-21-15.md): answers "Calling for the full exercise of justice is harsh or extreme."
- [Proverbs 24:11-12 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/proverbs-24-11-12.md): answers "We are not responsible for those we cannot save through available political means."
- [Proverbs 29:25 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/proverbs-29-25.md): answers "We must calibrate our demands to what the public will accept."
- [Proverbs 31:8-9 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/proverbs-31-8-9.md): answers "Advocacy for the unborn is optional or secondary."
- [Ecclesiastes 8:11 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/ecclesiastes-8-11.md): answers "We can defer criminalizing abortion to a later stage ('justice later') once the culture is ready."
- [Isaiah 10:1-2 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/isaiah-10-1-2.md): answers "Writing a bill that permits some abortion (a heartbeat, pain, or ultrasound bill) is a righteous step in the right…"
- [Isaiah 61:8 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/isaiah-61-8.md): answers "God is primarily concerned with saving some, not with justice as such."
- [Jeremiah 1:5 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/jeremiah-1-5.md): answers "There is no personal identity or purpose before birth."
- [Ezekiel 45:9-10 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/ezekiel-45-9-10.md): answers "It is acceptable for the law to weigh some lives as more protectable than others."
- [Amos 5:14-15 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/amos-5-14-15.md): answers "Loving good is enough; establishing justice in law can wait."
- [Micah 6:8 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/micah-6-8.md): answers "Prudence and strategy (our own 'better plan') can override the plain command to do justice now."
- [Habakkuk 1:4 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/habakkuk-1-4.md): answers "A 'pro-life' stance that opposes abortion in sentiment but not in law is sufficient."
- [Matthew 23:23 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/matthew-23-23.md): answers "Justice is an Old Testament concern superseded by the New Covenant."
- [Matthew 25:41-45 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/matthew-25-41-45.md): answers "How a nation treats the most vulnerable is not a matter of ultimate, national judgment."
- [Luke 1:41-44 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/luke-1-41-44.md): answers "It is not a baby until it is born."
- [Romans 14:23 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/romans-14-23.md): answers "Incrementalism is a faithful, prudent approach."
- [2 Corinthians 4:2 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/2-corinthians-4-2.md): answers "Shrewd, cautious, culturally-tailored messaging is wise stewardship."
- [James 4:17 (NASB)](https://www.abhortion.org/scripture/james-4-17.md): answers "Incrementalism is merely a different strategy, not a sin."

## Directory

- [Abolitionists Rising](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolitionists_rising.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Foundation to Abolish Abortion](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/foundation_to_abolish_abortion.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Abolish Abortion Texas](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_texas.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion Oklahoma](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_oklahoma.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Equal Protection South Carolina](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/equal_protection_south_carolina.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion North Carolina](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_north_carolina.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion Indiana](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_indiana.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion Kentucky](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_kentucky.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion Pennsylvania](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_pennsylvania.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [Abolish Abortion Missouri](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolish_abortion_missouri.md): Explicit abolitionist, State
- [End Abortion Now](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/end_abortion_now.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Southern Baptists for Abolishing Abortion](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/southern_baptists_for_abolishing_abortion.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Rescue Those](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/rescue_those.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Not A Victim](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/not_a_victim.md): Explicit abolitionist, Online
- [The Imago Dei Ministry](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/the_imago_dei_ministry.md): Aligned-adjacent, Regional
- [Students for Abolition](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/students_for_abolition.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Abortion-Free](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abortion_free.md): Aligned-adjacent, Online
- [Free The States](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/free_the_states.md): Explicit abolitionist, National
- [Abolition Now Conference](https://www.abhortion.org/directory/abolition_now_conference.md): Aligned-adjacent, National

## Legislation — United States

- [Federal](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/federal.md): post-Dobbs federal framework
- [Alabama](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/al.md): Total ban
- [Alaska](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ak.md): Protected by constitution
- [Arizona](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/az.md): Protected by constitution
- [Arkansas](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ar.md): Total ban
- [California](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca.md): Protected by constitution
- [Colorado](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/co.md): Protected by constitution
- [Connecticut](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ct.md): Protected by statute
- [Delaware](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/de.md): Protected by statute
- [District of Columbia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/dc.md): Protected by statute
- [Florida](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/fl.md): Gestational limit
- [Georgia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ga.md): Gestational limit
- [Hawaii](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/hi.md): Protected by statute
- [Idaho](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/id.md): Total ban
- [Illinois](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/il.md): Protected by statute
- [Indiana](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/in.md): Total ban
- [Iowa](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ia.md): Gestational limit
- [Kansas](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ks.md): Protected by constitution
- [Kentucky](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ky.md): Total ban
- [Louisiana](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/la.md): Total ban
- [Maine](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/me.md): Protected by statute
- [Maryland](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/md.md): Protected by constitution
- [Massachusetts](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ma.md): Protected by constitution
- [Michigan](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/mi.md): Protected by constitution
- [Minnesota](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/mn.md): Protected by statute
- [Mississippi](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ms.md): Total ban
- [Missouri](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/mo.md): Viability limit
- [Montana](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/mt.md): Protected by constitution
- [Nebraska](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ne.md): Gestational limit
- [Nevada](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nv.md): Gestational limit
- [New Hampshire](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nh.md): Gestational limit
- [New Jersey](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nj.md): Protected by statute
- [New Mexico](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nm.md): Protected by statute
- [New York](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ny.md): Protected by statute
- [North Carolina](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nc.md): Gestational limit
- [North Dakota](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/nd.md): Total ban
- [Ohio](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/oh.md): Protected by constitution
- [Oklahoma](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ok.md): Total ban
- [Oregon](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/or.md): Protected by statute
- [Pennsylvania](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/pa.md): Viability limit
- [Rhode Island](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ri.md): Protected by statute
- [South Carolina](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/sc.md): Gestational limit
- [South Dakota](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/sd.md): Total ban
- [Tennessee](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/tn.md): Total ban
- [Texas](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/tx.md): Total ban
- [Utah](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ut.md): Gestational limit
- [Vermont](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/vt.md): Protected by constitution
- [Virginia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/va.md): Gestational limit
- [Washington](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/wa.md): Protected by statute
- [West Virginia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/wv.md): Total ban
- [Wisconsin](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/wi.md): Gestational limit
- [Wyoming](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/wy.md): Viability limit

## Legislation — Canada

- [Federal (Canada)](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-federal.md): post-Morgentaler federal framework
- [Alberta](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-ab.md): Geographic gaps
- [British Columbia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-bc.md): Broad access
- [Manitoba](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-mb.md): Geographic gaps
- [New Brunswick](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-nb.md): Funding gaps
- [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-nl.md): Geographic gaps
- [Northwest Territories](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-nt.md): Geographic gaps
- [Nova Scotia](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-ns.md): Geographic gaps
- [Nunavut](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-nu.md): Minimal local services
- [Ontario](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-on.md): Broad access
- [Prince Edward Island](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-pe.md): Geographic gaps
- [Quebec](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-qc.md): Broad access
- [Saskatchewan](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-sk.md): Geographic gaps
- [Yukon](https://www.abhortion.org/legislation/ca-yt.md): Geographic gaps

## Agitation

- [Boston, MA](https://www.abhortion.org/agitation/boston.md): Moderate regulation
- [Minneapolis, MN](https://www.abhortion.org/agitation/minneapolis.md): Moderate regulation
- [Philadelphia, PA](https://www.abhortion.org/agitation/philadelphia.md): Moderate regulation