Eisenstadt v. Baird

405 U.S. 438 (1972) · Docket No. 70-17

Full caption: Eisenstadt, Sheriff v. Baird

Good law

Court
U.S. Supreme Court
Argued
November 17, 1971
Decided
March 22, 1972
Majority author
Brennan, J.
Joined by
Douglas, Stewart, Marshall, JJ.
Vote
6-1 (Justices Powell and Rehnquist did not participate)

Question presented

Whether Massachusetts's law prohibiting distribution of contraceptives to unmarried persons violates the Equal Protection Clause.

Holding

The Massachusetts law is unconstitutional. The right to privacy recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) extends to individuals — married or unmarried.

Key reasoning

Justice Brennan extended Griswold's right of privacy from married couples to individuals, laying doctrinal groundwork for Roe v. Wade a year later.

§ 1 Reasoning

Justice Brennan extended Griswold's right of privacy from married couples to individuals, laying doctrinal groundwork for Roe v. Wade a year later.

§ 2 Opinions

Majority

Brennan, J.

Douglas, Stewart, Marshall, JJ.

The Massachusetts law is unconstitutional. The right to privacy recognized in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) extends to individuals — married or unmarried.

Concurrence

Douglas, J.

Not joined by any other justice

Emphasized First Amendment concerns.

Concurrence

White, J.

Blackmun, J.

Concurred in judgment on narrower grounds.

Dissent

Burger, C.J.

Not joined by any other justice

Would have upheld the law.

“If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child.” Brennan, J. (majority) · 405 U.S. at 453

§ 3 Practical effect

Established individual (rather than marital) right of reproductive privacy. Set critical stage for Roe.

§ 4 Perspectives

The summaries below are descriptive, not evaluative — an attempt to represent fairly how each camp typically frames this case.

Abolitionist framing

Abolitionists view Eisenstadt as part of the constitutional 'privacy' architecture that enabled Roe. Justice Thomas's Dobbs concurrence called for reconsidering all substantive due process precedents, though no other Justice joined.

Mainstream pro-life framing

Traditionally not a major pro-life target, but increasingly noted after Thomas's Dobbs concurrence.

Pro-choice framing

Foundational precedent for reproductive autonomy.

§ 5 Significance

5/ 10

Contraception, not abortion, but doctrinal bridge to Roe.

Legal precedential weight7
Practical impact on access4
Movement relevance (abolitionist)3
Enduring relevance, 20264

§ 6 Sources

Secondary sources

  • None recorded.
Editorial note Bill Baird's decades-long legal advocacy for contraception access was central.